四級英語作文(精選多篇)

第一篇：四級英語作文標準及例文

作文標準

14 points

these days when learning english, a large number of students fail to pay attention to spelling. easily found in their essays are spelling mistakes which to some extent affect communication.

several factors may account for such phenomenon. in the first place, the wide use of network language with short-formed and non-standard spellings should be responsible. it sets up bad example for students to follow. additionally, the time and effort devoted to different aspects of english learning have a lot to do with it. oral english and listening skills have gained great attention, while spelling and writing training is inadequate. last but not least, it is the students themselves that ignore the importance of correct spelling.

to resverse the trend, joint efforts are needed. teachers need to emphasize on spelling in class. on the part of students. it’s high time that they recognized the significance of spelling and tried to avoid spelling mistakes. by doing so, correct spelling will be guaranteed in the near future.

11 points

nowadays, many students don’t pay attention to spelling in learning english. when they try to memorize some new words, they ignore

spelling. as a result, they often make mistakes in spelling words.

as far as i am concerned, i think the reason for this phenomenon is that students don’t grasp the importance of spelling. they hold the view that it is more important to read words and know the meaning of words correctly. however, they are not right. spelling is very important for us to learn english. imaging if you can’t spelling a word correctly, how can others know what do you want to say in your composition or something you write?

in my opinion, students must pay more attention to spelling in order to change this phenomenon. first, they should know the importance of spelling clearly. second, when they learn some new words, they should try really hard to spell them correctly. as long as they keep eyes on spelling, surely they can be successful in learning english.

8 points

as known to all there are many people learn enlish in china. however, may students prefer to read more rather than pay enough attention, which may contribute to their bad writing.

what’s the reason? firstly, many of students may not know the importance of spelling clearly. meanwhile, reading plays an important role in the english tests which makes the learners prefer choosing to spelling. in the end, many learn english just with the purpose of passing

the tests or read english papers, while spelling may not help them much. as far as i am concerned, spelling is the important part in learning. the learners should not only spend time on spelling but also should use english much. on the other hand, the way of testing should be changed. more spelling can be added to it. then, the students can also do more spelling to learn more words. with the help of their teachers, the learners may make a progress in spelling.

5 points

nowdays, i nour english study many students are not pay attention to spelling. in my opinion, the following count for this.

firstly, the increasing number of student think that the goal is communicate with foreigner. secondly, in the english test these days, many students always not writing the word clear to confuse the teachers, that is the way of the test to give a chance to the students to do that. however, as it known to all, the right spelling is very important in many sides. the wrong spelling in your brief can just make you lose the job. in one word, the spelling is quite important. we should make a great concern in it.

in order to change this problem, my thinking is that we should put the spellingin the english teaching. and in the homework and test of english, teachers should be sticker than before. finally, as the student, we

should not only make effort in speaking but in spelling.

2 points

in today, with computer, some students often spelt fault. they are attention. when they are spelling in english. some students think english word’s spelling is different. it’s no different in today.

who no arise the because? because. computer arised. some students often use the computer. they are little use hand. they think. computer should be help them in spelling. they are use due attention given to spelling. on the other hand, the teacher also give students hand homework. the teacher thinks some students also like doing homework. in order to some student don’t like the subject, so some teacher don’t give them to do homework, computer’s arise is important; but the teacher’s important also is a part because.

in order to change the contiet, i think student should be attent to spelling. students should be think: spelling is very important in today. students should be little use computer. and the teachers also should be give students to some homework.

i think the important is themself.

第二篇：大學四級英語作文

一、請談談大學生打工的得與失，並給出你的結論或觀點。

for reference:

my opinion on having a part-time job

some students maintain that holding a part-time job, unless one is in serious financial difficulties, is not worthwhile. it is a waste of one's precious time, and is therefore not favourable to one's studies. indeed, some students receive poorer marks after they take up temporary jobs. moreover, doing part-time jobs may lead to closer contacts with the dark side of society and to the degeneration of the students' moral standards.

on the other hand, many people believe that a part-time job does more good than harm. first, students can become financially independent, or at least partly so. this is especially important to students from poor families. second, this helps them to cultivate a spirit of independence. third, early contacts with the various aspects of the community, bright or dark, will enhance students' abilities to work in future.

on the whole the advantages of a part-time job seem to outweigh its disadvantages. therefore, it is necessary to encourage students to plunge into the community as early as possible so long as they know how to resist evil temptations.

二、it pays to be honest

1. 當前社會上存在許多不誠實的現象。

2. 誠實利人利己，做人應該誠實。

for reference:

it pays to be honest

honesty is a cherished chinese traditional virtue. but nowadays there are many dishonest cases in society. some businessmen cheat their customers for higher profits. some employees cheat their bosses for higher positions. some people cheat their friends for greater personal gain. then, why do these cases come into being?

this may be because these people believe that nobody will find out their dishonesty. however, eventually their customers will come to purchase their products no more, their bosses will dismiss them, and their friends will no longer help them in case of crisis. they pay the price for their own behavior. therefore, everyone should be honest, which benefits not only himself but also others.

三、don't hesitate to say "no"

1. 別人請求幫助時，在什麼情況下我們會説“不”。

2. 為什麼有些人在該説“不”的時候不説“不”。

3. 該説“不”時不説“不”的壞處。

for reference:

don't hesitate to say "no"

in our daily life, there are many occasions on which we should not hesitate to say "no" when asked for help. for one thing, when we are not able to offer help, we should give others a direct reply "no". for another, when the thing we are asked for is unreasonable or even illegal, we should also say "no".

however, it is not the case in our real life. many people prefer to say "yes" when they should say "no". on the one hand, they are afraid to lose their own face. since they think refusal means their inability. on the other hand, they are afraid to offend their acquaintances, such as their friends, relatives and so on.

in fact, there are disadvantages in doing so. since these people are not able enough or willing enough to do the thing for others, the thing can not be accomplished well. in the end they may lose face, as well as their acquaintances' belief.

四、competition and cooperation

文中應包括的要點：

1. 競爭是社會生活中的常見現象

2. 競爭和合作往往是同時存在的

3. 在提倡競爭的同時，我們也不能忘記合作

competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. _______

and we often find competition and cooperation at the same time. _______while advocating competition, we mustn't forget cooperation._______ for reference:

competition and cooperation

competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. we compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and there is constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth. we can say that, in a certain sense, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of society.

and we often find competition and cooperation at the same time. think of a football game. during the game, one team is competing against the other, but each member of the team must cooperate with his teammates. otherwise, they would lose the game however skilled every individual player might be.

while advocating competition, we mustn't forget cooperation. in modern society, cooperation is especially necessary because except for a few craftsmen and artists, most work is fulfilled with and through other people. in many cases, we can not achieve anything if there are only competition and no cooperation. they are, so to speak, equally important.

五、the way to success

1．人人都希望事業有成。但有人成功，有人失敗。因為?

2．堅強毅力、堅持不懈和勤奮是成功的三大基本要素

for reference:

the way to success

everyone tries to achieve success in his/her career. but one finally attains his aim while the other fails. why? the one continues his cause to the end through long period of hard struggles, but the other is easily disappointed and stops halfway.

strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success.

a man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. he sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. dr. sun yat-sen was such a man. many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the qing dynasty. diligence means steadiness in one's work and study. su qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. marx often worked 15 hours a day. life is short and we have too much to do. without diligence no one can achieve anything.

i believe that where there is a will there is a way, and that success belongs to those who can suffer long years of patient toil and constant efforts.

第三篇：四級英語作文模版

單一觀點類

ate the phenomenon a student，i am strongly favor of it ./ against it reasons are as follows .

the first place，what’s more，…in addition，…furthermore，…besides，… conclusion，i believe that…

some universities have a rule that freshmen cannot bring their own computer to the campus a freshmen，i am strongly against it.. my reasons are as follows.

in the first place, as is known tot all , computers play an important role in our daily life. we can use computer to search a lot of information, to do our homework, to get to know what is happening in the world ’s more freshmen are adults. we can have self-control. for those who are addicted to computer games, even if they are not allowed to bring their own computer, they might go to the net bar to play games.

in conclusion, it is useless and unnecessary to have this rule.

正反觀點類

ntly we have a discussion about whether we should…（導入話題）。our opinions are divided on this topic.

of students are in favor of it. （正方觀點）here are the reasons. firstly …secondly …finally…

para.3. however, the others are strongly against it.（反方觀點）their reasons are as follows. in the first place，what’s more，… in addition …

onally speaking, i support（個人觀點）therefore，…

recently we have a discussion about this topic; to working for a big company or a small company: which is better?

some people are willing to work for a big company. here are the reasons. firstly, they believe they are able to pick up new skill in big companies. secondly, there are some chances in big companies for promotion .

however, other people prefer to work for a small company. their reasons are as follows. in the first place, they think they can learn everything in a small company. what’s more, the relation of colleagues in small companies may be more sincere.

personally speaking, i support working for a big company. big companies usually have better and bigger offices. they also provide better employee benefits. therefore , when i graduate, i will look for a position in a big company.

第四篇：2014四級英語作文

預測一

1. 現在大學校園裏，遲到、早退、曠課是常見的現象 2. 保證學生的出勤率對大學教育的重要性 3. 作為一個大學生應該怎樣做

attend your classes regularly

nowadays it is a very common phenomenon that some university students are late for or even absent from classes. and still there are some students who slip out of the classroom before the class is over. class attendance has become a thorny problem to both the students and teachers.

in fact, it is very important for the students to attend their classes regularly. first, it will ensure you to catch up with the teachers in your learning. that is very helpful to you if you want to do a good job in your study. second, attending classes regularly is a way of showing respect to your teachers ,too. your teachers will feel bad if the students do not attend their classes, which, in turn, will affect their teaching and be no good for the students. third, attending classes regularly will help to form a good habit of punctuality, which is of great importance for the students to do a good job in the future.

therefore, we university students should form the good habit of attending our classes regularly from now on. and some day we’ll benefit from it.

作文地帶點評：2014年元月三日，中山大學博士發帖稱遭導師虐待；2014年元月四日，中國政法大學爆“楊帆門”事件；近幾年，中國小老師或打學生或猥褻學生、體罰學生等各類新聞不斷曝光，進而引發了師生關係的

預測二

directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic on a harmonious dormitory life. you should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in chinese:

1. 宿舍生活有時會出現不和諧的情況; 2. 一個和諧宿舍生活的必要性; 3. 如何創造和諧的宿舍生活。 on a harmonious dormitory life

dormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. but sometimes the harmony in the dormitory be disturbed in one way or another.

as is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. on one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. on the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.

there are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. firstly, you have to evaluate your life-style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. secondly, when an annoying situation arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make good friends.

in conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life.

作文地帶點評：“和諧”成為我們當今社會詞頻概率最高用詞，就社會而言，倡導建立和諧社會；就家庭而言，提倡建設和諧家庭；就校園來講，則要建立和諧校園；和諧兩字似乎無所不在，大學生宿舍生活同樣需要和諧。

預測三

圖略-大體講述手機使用上升趨勢的一幅圖 1. 描述上圖所示的手機用户數的變化情況 2. 出現這種情況的原因 3. 對此現象作出評價

cell phones

as is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming increasingly popular within china. in 1999, the number of cell phones in use was only 2 million, but in 2014, the number reaches 5 million. and in the year 2014, the number has suddenly soared to 9 million.

there are many factors contributing to this development. firstly, a cell phone has no wires and can be carried everywhere easily. secondly, a cell phone is something wonderful that we can have fun with news, games, music and chat through sending short messages. thirdly, the drop in price and the simultaneous improvement in the functions have made it possible for an average person to make use of cell phone.

the wide use of cell phones has make them more and more indispensable in people’s daily life. the many functions of the cell phone have made certain people reluctant to separate themselves from their cell phone.

預測四

1。 越來越多的人處置意願者任務2。 意願者任務的社會意義3。作為大先生生，應當怎樣做範文：

in recent years，the volunteering spirit has spread among the chinese people，especially among youngsters。there were about 1，according to a survey，000 volunteers who offered service for olympic games， in 201410，700。 an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in china， actually。

volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society。 olympic games are a good example。volunteers played an active role in beijing olympic games， as is known to all。 it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent olympic games， without them。 we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the success of these games， therefore。 we should get actively involved in volunteering activities，

as modern college students。 we can learn how to work well in a team， by participating， how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability。 all of these are critical for our person growth，undoubtedly。 we should take this chance to learn and to grow， so。you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friend’s inquiry about plan after graduation， (161words)

預測五：畢業時就業還是上研究生

假如你是李明，你的朋友石頭來信諮詢你的畢業之後的計劃，考研還是就業，請根據自己的情況寫封回信告知石頭你的態度，並説明理由。dear shitou,

so great to hear from your letter on may 1st, in which you inquired about my plan after graduation. now, i am writing toit and my accounts.

as is known to all, so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life road. according to a survey by national department of education, more than six million college students will leave the so called “ivory tower” this year. it is clear that the competition for job-hunting will be extremely furious. on the contrary, it seemsfor me to further my study and get a master’s degree. what makes me convinced is that a higher degree and better educational background will, undoubtedly, enable me to make full preparation for entering the society. besides, if possible, i will get involved in social andactivities in my spare time.

taking all aspects into account, i choose to study as a .

many thanks for your concern. best wishes! （160）yoursli ming

預測六：大城市就業還是小城鎮

1. 很多的大學生畢業後留在大城市工作；2. 也有人選擇到小城鎮開始自己的職業生涯；3. 結合自己的實際情況談談自己的想法。

範文：

want to be a small fish in a big pond or the other way round? every graduate faces this question when he starts his career. a large number of college graduates prefer to stay in the big cities. to them, big cities mean more experiences, more opportunities to see the big world and morefor career development. at the same time, higher salary is another .

but some other graduates want to start in small towns. even though there may not be many big companies, they can have a quieter and less competitive life. another reason is that they can be a big fish in a small pond. they can easily get the management’sattention and may winearlier.

as far as i am concerned, i prefer to start in a metropolis like shanghai. a good begin is half the battle, and in shanghai i can find a job in a bigwhere i can meet people from different places and cultures. i will learn from them what i can not get from textbooks.

預測七：信息安全

1. 信息安全問題日益重要

2. 信息安全事故可能導致的危害3. 如何做到信息安全

information security

the human beings are stepping into the information society. the information industry develops increasingly, so do the hackers, trick-playing teens, exploring children, fraudsters, and serious white-collar criminals. thus, information security becomes an impending important issue.

in case of information breach, the victims — a government , an organization or an institution, or a company, will inevitably suffer great or small loss. government may be threatened with national security. companies may lose opportunities to develop new projects. and the public’s and users?will be how to deal with this issue? technology is only a partial solution to information security. what’s more important is that organizations and companies should promote the awareness on information security to its staff. however, since no system can ever be 100 percent secure, a prevention-only approach to information security management is not enough. companies and organizations should adopt a dualto information security management by combining prevention and detection techniques.

預測八：

1. 水資源短缺已成為嚴重問題2. 造成水資源短缺的原因3. 提出解決方案

on water shortage

no one can have failed to notice the fact that water shortage is a grave problem with which the whole world is confronted. actually, it has become so widespread that it has severely affected people’s daily life and hindered the development of the global economy.

a number of factors could account for the problem, but the following might be the critical ones. first, with the development of agriculture and industry, an increasing amount of water is needed. secondly, the ever-increasing population is another leading cause of water shortage. besides, the global tendency of warming up also contributes to the problem. what’s worse, pollution and waste of fresh water aggravate the situation.

in view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. first, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to protect water resources. secondly, people should enhance their awareness of saving water. with these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to expect a brighter future.

預測九：

假設你是李明，請你寫一封信給校長，建議改善本校體育設施狀況，內容應涉及體育設施對大學生的重要性，對目前學校體育設施的狀況可以表揚，可以提出批評建議，也可以兼而有之。

a letter to the president of the university

dear mr. president,

i am writing this letter to you to express my concern about the sports facilities on campus. i have noticed that our university has very limited resources in terms of opportunities to participate in sports, especially given that the number of students on campus is increasing ev(更多請搜索：)ery year.

as we both know, sports are very important for the sound growth of young people. if they have access to quality sports facilities, young people are able to choose a healthier lifestyle, to boost self-esteem and confidence, and to build a positive outlook and sense of achievement.

my proposal is to build a new sports area. it should be designed with soccer players, basketball players, and ping-pong players in mind. it should have a different section for each activity and be available to students all year round. i believe such facilities will meet our sporting needs.

thank you for your reading this letter.

yours faithfully,

li ming

預測十：

1． 心理健康問題往往是導致疾病的原因

2． 分析人們產生心理健康問題的原因(可從失業、壓力過重、缺乏支持、缺乏人際交往能力等方面分析)

3． 你認為人們應如何保持心理健康

how to keep psychologically healthy?

one in four people will experience some kind of mental problem in the course of a year. when you fail to manage these problems, they are likely to cause various mental illnesses.

the cause of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to another. in today’s society, a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure. others lack communication skills. in addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.

there are a lot of ways to curb mental health problems and keep psychologically healthy. firstly, find the real cause of your mental health problem and see whether you can do something about it. secondly, learn to relax yourself and take exercises to release the pressure. lastly, you may find it helpful to talk to your partner or friend about your problem, or seek support and advice form a psychological consultant

點評：據報道北京高校100多萬名在校大學生中，已經有14名自殺身亡。而去年全年，北京自殺死亡的學生為19人。社會對於大學生心理健康問題越來越關注，如何保持心理健康成為社會關注話題。

第五篇：2014年6月四級英語作文

四級考試的作文題目無非就是兩類：

第一．和自己發展有關的個人成長成功話題；

第二．和社會現象相關的學校社會熱點話題；

而四六級的寫作結構很固定：

第一段：引出話題

第二段：闡釋話題

第三段：總結話題

第一類話題需要大家説自己的認識，其實就是喊出一些無用的口號，並且的變了方的把這些口號喊的比較複雜，人在成長成功過程中的品質通常包括了：

某種品質對成功很重要:

可能出現的主題詞：

順境與逆境( favorablecircumstancesandadverse circumstances)

勤奮（diligence; painstaking work）

謹慎和堅毅（prudence and determination）

熱情和樂觀（, enthusiasm and optimism）

博學和求知（learnedness and seeking knowledge/pursuit of knowledge）

絕望和堅持（frustration and perseverance）

獨立性問(independence)

感恩(gratitude)

創新( creation and innovation)

鼓勵 (encouragement)

自滿和謙遜 （self-satisfied and modest）

合作（cooperation）等：注意替換主題詞就可以了.

all in all, by cooperation among each other, we will be able to explore a wider world and reach further horizon. furthermore, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are nearer to success. just as john adams, the secondu.s. president quoted from the ancient greek aesop’s fables,“united we stand, divided we fall.”

自信：(confidence)

take us youngsters born in the 1990s for example, without confidence/independence , how can we be through with the “gaokao”, the toughest test in the world, and earn the opportunity to attend this test ? without confidence, how can we plan topursue a master or phd degree？without confidence, how can we contribute all our energy and enthusiasm to our academic study in the college life ? obviously, a man is created to strive for excellence and challenge limit. as martin luther king put it, “ to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.”

(可以把獨立換成考場上需要你寫的主題詞，比如，the spirit of impendence等)

以上兩個例子字數也就是180個字，希望同學們背一下，即使這次四六級用不了，下次考研也能用的上的！

社會和學校話題：

對於學校社會話題同樣是喊出口號，分析利弊，不可能寫出太多實質的話題：

常見的話題：

1．資源保護(energy and resource saving)環境保護( environmental protection) 低碳環保（low-carbon life）旅遊對環境的影響（

2．人口增長(the growth of china’s population)

3．家庭問題(the problem of domestic or family violence)

4．社會保障問題(social security fund)

5．假冒偽劣產品問題( counterfeits and unqualified products)食品安全(food safety)

6．消費者權益保護問題( the protection of consumers rights and interests)

7．社會誠信的缺失 （honest is the best policy . it pays to be honest.）it is not hard to notice that without honesty/credibility, hardly can

individuals ororganizations make money, take profits, let alone obtain wealth in the long term, especially in this fiercely competitive modern world, i argue.我認為，不難發現，要是沒有誠信在這樣一個競爭激烈的現代社會中，從長期來看個人和組織是很難賺到錢，賺到利潤的，更不必説獲得財富了。

知識產權保護問題（intellectual property protection. no plagiarizing）

8．微博的強勢崛起（ the rise of the weibo, microblog）

9．傳統文化的傳播（traditional chinese culture）

it is my view that national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. meanwhile, there are good reasons to advocate international culture. while global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural

interchanges, it is multiculturalism that essentially makes the society and its people diverse,colorful, vigorous and open-minded. nevertheless, certainly, when we are confronted with a different culture, we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. only in this way can we promote cultural development positively and make our world dimensional, colorful and vigorous.孝敬父母（caring parents ）

only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our parents can enjoy their life to the uttermost.

10．提高學生的身體素質（ physical exercise build a strong body and relieve pressure andkeep a pleasant mood）

11．大學生的就業（ sticking to our own choice of following our parent’s arrangement ）

only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our graduates can enjoy their careers to the uttermost.

12．大學城的建造（the construction of university town）

only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which our students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.

先談社會話題：

負面的話題無非要涉及解決的問題，正面話題就是展望未來，現在送大家一些在考研和四六級中正負面話題都能用的表達：

the general public is supposed to enhance their awareness that

大眾需要提升對於?的意識是，

 in view of the complexity of such a topic, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally.

考慮到話題的複雜性，我們必須從社會，經濟和文化角度來對待這個話題。

 in a sense, it is not why sth. exists in today’s world but what we should do to cope with it.

總之，不是討論為什麼在今天的世界會存在這種話題，而在於我們應該怎麼去應對他。 文章最後一定能用到的表達：

in view of the importance and the complexity of such a positive/negative phenomenon, we must treat it socially, economically and culturally and maintain it the very force that has driven our society/或 life forward. only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost./或in which student can enjoy

their study to the uttermost.

具體的一個話題：名人代言（celebrity endorsement）

with celebrity endorsement increasingly used by companies and manufactures in our society to promote their products, we, as customers, should always keep a clear mind and make sensible decisions. meanwhile, it is also our government’s responsibility to make laws and regulations for celebrity endorsement to ensure the rights of customers and create a safe and sound environment for the development of advertising business.

特別警惕，四六級還可以出一些應用文作為考察的對象，這裏附上一篇歡迎辭； my dear new friends,

you are welcomed to join in our english club.i am very glad that you will be a part of our fantastic club. established in 2014, our club has celebrated her 10th the past ten years, a lot of interesting activities have been design and most famous activities include talk shows, speech competition and role play competition. in our club, you will have ample opportunities to enjoy english movies, meet foreign friends and of course practice

your oral english with them. i am sure you will enjoy happy moments in our club and make progress in your english learning.