邏輯寫作方法

Argument

開頭方式：

（1） 複述結論——複述論據——指出原文存在缺陷

（2） The author cites various other evidence to justify the claim that …………………

（3） On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes………………… 羅列完作

者的假設之後引導結論的又一句式

（4）

論證展開：

(1)段首句+推測 / 假設 / 列舉+ 段落小總結

段首句——指出要攻擊的錯誤：

然後用推測法perhaps，假設法或列舉法展開

用一個小句型座小總結

(2)First of all, the memo indicates that ………..引導出有缺陷的觀點

Accordingly, the argument rests on the assumption that …………指出原觀點所基於的假設

Yet, we are not informed …………….指出假設是沒有根據的

It is entirely possible that …………展開對文中所述現象的其他可能推測

If this is the case, the recommended acquisition would not serve …..’s recommendation.

結尾方式：

指出作者未能支持的結論 + 指出我們還需要那些信息來完善論證。

To bolster it he must provide clearer evidence that …………. Such evidence might including the following………………..

引導開頭段結論的詞彙及句式：

recommend / suggest / advice / propose

（1）

（2）

（3）

（4）

（5） On the basis of this evidence the author infers that …………. This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects. On the basis of this line of reasoning the dean concludes………………… This argument contains several logical flaws, which render it unconvincing.

論證段句式 ：

（1）

（2）

（3）

（4）

（5）

（6）

（7）

（8）

（9）

（10）

結尾段句式：

（1） In sum, the editorial’s author cannot justify his or her voting

recommendation on the basis of the scant evidence provided in the editorial.

（2） To convince me that ………. Omni would need to provide clear statistical

evidence that ………………

（3）

攻擊差異概念句式

（1）A does not necessarily indicate that B.

（2）A is little indication that B.

(3) A accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that……….

(4) The author falsely equates A with B.

攻擊因果關係的句式：

(1)The article fails to account for the alternative explanation(s) for ……….., thus the Since the editorial fails to rule out these and other possible explanations for ……., I cannot accept any conclusions about ………. But , since the editorial provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption it is equally possible that ……… Thus, without better evidence that ………….., the editorial remains unconvincing. The mere fact that ……… hardly suffices to prove ………. If this is the case, the recommended acquisition would not …….. Thus, without more marketing information about ……. It is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation. A threshold problem with the argument involves …………… ……….. overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for ……….. In short, without accounting for other factors that might contribute to ……,……… cannot justify the claim that ……………….

article’s author cannot make any sound recommendations to ………….

其他句式

(1) Without ruling out other possible reasons for A……ot convince me on the basis of

them that B.

(2) Yet the memo contains no evidence to support this assumption.

(3) Lacking such evidence it is equally possible that…………

表讓步關係的詞彙：

even if……

given that …, it is entirely possible that …………

表遞進關係的詞彙：

besides / moreover / additionally /

沒有考慮某些情況的句式：

（1） Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his

claim that ………… is untenable.