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常用論文術語中英文對照(精選多篇)

常用論文術語中英文對照(精選多篇)

第一篇:常用論文術語中英文對照範文

常用論文術語中英文對照(精選多篇)

a.

安居工程 housing project for low-income families

按成本要素計算的國民經濟總值 gnp at factor cost

按揭貸款 mortgage loan

按勞分配 distribution according to one's performance

暗虧 hidden loss

奧姆真理教 japanese aum doomsday cult

b.

巴黎證券交易所 paris bourse

把握大局 grasp the overall situation

白色行情表 white sheet

白手起家 starting from scratch

擺架子 put on airs

拜年 pay new year call

搬遷户 relocated families

半拉子工程 uncompleted project

棒球運動記者 scribe

包乾到户 work contracted to households

包工包料 contract for labor and materials

保持國民經濟發展的良好勢頭 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy

保持國有股 keep the state-held shares

保健食品 health-care food

保税區 the low-tax, tariff-free zone; bonded area

保證重點支出 ensure funding for priority areas

保值儲蓄 inflation-proof bank savings

北歐投資銀行 nordic investment bank

本本主義 bookishness

《本草綱目》 compendium of materia medica

本壘打 circuit clout, four-master, round trip

本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 terrestrial branches

奔小康 strive for a relatively comfortable life

蹦擊 bungee, bungee jumping

逼上梁山 be driven to drastic alternatives

閉門羹 given cold-shoulder

邊際報酬 marginal return

邊緣科學 boundary science

標書 bidding documents

表演賽 demonstration match

剝奪冠軍 strip the gold medal of somebody

補缺選舉 by-election

布達拉宮 potala palace

不敗記錄 clean record, spotless record

不承諾放棄使用武器 not undertake to renounce the use of force

不打不成交 no discord, no concord.

《不見不散》 be there or be square.

不良貸款 non-performing loan

不夜城 sleepless city, ever-bright city

不正之風 bad (harmful) practice; unhealthy tendency

步行天橋 foot bridge

c.

擦邊球 edge ball, touch ball

擦網球 net ball

採取高姿態 show magnanimity

菜籃子工程 shopping basket program

參政、議政 participate in the management of state affairs

層層轉包和違法分保 multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting

差額投票 differentail voting

差額選舉 competitive election

茶道 sado

拆東牆補西牆 rob peter to pay paul

禪 dhyana

產糧大省 granary province

產品結構 product mix

產權明晰、權責明確、政企分開、科學管理 clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management

產權制度、產權關係 property relations; property order

產銷直接掛鈎 directly link production with marketing

長二捆 lm-2e

長期共存、互相監督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共 long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe

暢通工程 "smooth traffic project"

唱高調 mouth high-sounding words

超高速巨型計算機 giant ultra-high-speed computer

超前消費 overconsuming, excessive consumption

城市規劃 city's landscaping plan

城鄉信用社 credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas

吃大鍋飯 egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot"

抽殺成功 hit through

籌備委員會 preparatory committee

出風頭 show off;in the limelight

出口創匯能力 capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports

出口退税制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods

出口轉內銷 domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports

出家 pravrajana; cloister

創建衞生城市:build a nationally advanced clean city

春蕾計劃 spring buds program

《春秋》 spring and autumn annals

從粗放經濟轉變為集約經濟 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy

促進全球經濟一體化 foster integration with the global economy

存款保證金 guaranty money for deposits

d.

"達標"活動 "target hitting" activities

打白條 issue iou

打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering

打破僵局 break the deadlock

打順手 find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove

大包乾 all-round responsibility system

大轟動 blockbuster

大力扣殺 hammer

大路貨 staple goods

大滿貫 grand slam

大款 tycoon

大排擋 sidewalk snack booth

大事化小,小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

大勝 white wash

大腕 top notch

大要案 major and serious criminal cases

大專生 junior college student

大專文憑 associate degree

大藏經 tripitaka

帶薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits

待崗 await job assignment, post-waiting

待業 job-waiting

單循環制 single round-robin system

盜用公款 embezzlement

單刀赴會 start a solo run

倒計時 countdowm

倒爺 profiteer

等外品 off-grade goods, rejects

第二產業 secondary industry

第一發球權 first inning

第一發球員 first server

第一雙打 first pair

地方保護主義 regional protectionism

地方財政包乾制 system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances

地區差異 regional disparity

點子公司 consultancy company

電話號碼升位 upgrade telephone number

電話會議 teleconference

電視直銷 tv home shopping

吊球 drop shot

吊銷執照 revoke license

定向培訓 training for specific posts

豆腐渣"工程 jerry-built project

獨立核算工業企業 independent accounting unit(enterprise)

"渡假外交" holiday-making diplomacy

短期債務 floating debt

對外招商 attract foreign investment

隊長袖標(足球) skipper's armband

多黨合作制 multi-party co-operation in exercising state power

多任務小衞星 small multi-mission satellite (smms)

奪冠 take the crown

e.

惡性通貨膨脹 hyperinflation

二板市場(創業板市場) second board on the country's stock market

二流選手 scrub, second-rater

f.

發展不平衡 disparate development

法治國家 a country under the rule of law

法制國家 a state with an adequate legal system

翻兩番 quadruple

反敗為勝 bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire

防洪工程 flood-prevention project

放高球 lob

飛行藥檢 spot check

費改税 transform administrative fees into taxes

分流 reposition of redundant personnel

分期付款 installment payment

(產品)分銷 subunderwriting, distribution

鋒利扣殺 razor-sharp smash

封閉式基金 close-ended fund

封殺出局 force out

“封聖” canonization of "saints"

福利彩票 welfare lotteries

福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system

扶貧 poverty alleviation

覆蓋率 coverage rate

複式住宅 compound apartment

g.

改制上市:an enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.

幹部隊伍革命化、年輕化、知識化、專業化 make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent

高層次、全方位的對話 high-level and all-directional dialogue

高產優質 high yield and high quality

高級商務師 certified business executive

高難度動作 stunner, stunt

高新技術產業開發區 high and new technology industrial development zone

(公路)隔離帶 median

根本政治制度 fundamental political system

個人收入應税申報制度 the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment

"各就位" "on your marks!"

跟蹤審計 follow-up auditing

工商局 industrial and commercial bureau

工業園區 industrial park

公積金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds

公款吃喝 recreational activities using public funds

公正、公平、公開 just, fair and open

共產黨領導下的多黨合作與政治協商 multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of communist party

國產化率 import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components

國防動員體制 the mobilization for national defense

國際慣例 international common practice

《國際先驅論壇報》 international herald tribune

國家經濟體制改革委員會 the state commission for restructuring the economic systems

國家一級保護 first-grade state protection

國庫券 treasury bonds

過度開墾 excess reclamation

h.

海灣戰爭綜合症 the complexities of the gulf war

豪賭 unrestrained gambling

好事不出門,惡事傳千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

好出風頭的運動員 exhibitionist, grandstander

好萊塢大片 hollywood blockbuster

"好球" "strike"

合理引導消費 guide rational consumption

合議庭 collegiate bench

黑店 gangster inn

宏觀調控 macro-control efforts

紅包(中)red paper containing money as a gift, (貶) bribe, kickback

環太平洋地區 pacific rim

後防空虛 leave the defense exposed

鬍子工程 long-drawn-out project (a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)

虎父無犬子 a wise goose never lays a tame egg.

户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system

户主 head of a household

護身法寶 amulet

華表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele

華蓋 canopy

"壞球" "ball"

還俗 resume secular life, unfrock

"黃、賭、毒" pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking

黃金時段 prime time

揮棒 swing

揮棒不中 fan

灰色收入 income from moonlighting

匯豐銀行 hong kong and shang hai banking corporation

婚外戀 extramarital love

活到老,學到老 one is never too old to learn.

貨幣回籠 withdrawal of currency from circulation

j.

機構臃腫overstaffing in organizations (government)

基本路線要管一百年 the basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.

基本國情 fundamental realities of the country

基層民主 democracy at the grassroots level

基層組織 organizations at the grass-roots level

績優股 blue chip

激烈競爭 cut-throat competition

吉祥物 mascot

緝私力量 the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling

集體婚禮 collective wedding ceremony

集中精力把經濟建設搞上去 go all out for economic development

計劃生育責任制 responsibility system of family planning

計算機中央處理器 central processing unit(cpu)

記者席 press box

技術下鄉 spread technological knowledge to farmers

嘉賓 distinguished guest, honored guest

加班 work extra shifts

加密 encrypt

加強輿論監督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion

家庭聯產承包責任制 the household contract responsibility system

假唱 lip-synch

假動作 deception, feint

甲骨文 inscriptions on oracle bones

假日經濟 holiday economy

堅持統一,反對分裂,增加了解,化解歧見 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase understanding and iron out differences

監督部門 watchdog

尖端產品 highly sophisticated products

剪綵 cut the ribbon

剪刀差 the scissors gap between the prices of ... and ...

減負 alleviate burdens on sb.

減員增效 downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency

講誠信,反欺詐: honor credibility and oppose cheating

腳踩兩隻船 sit on the fence

腳踏實地 be down-to-earth

僥倖球 fluke

接口 interface

解放生產力 emancipate the productive forces

解放思想、實事求是的思想路線 ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

結售匯制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales

戒毒所 drug rehabilitation center

戒急用忍 overcome impetuosity and exercise patience

金本位 gold standard

金邊債券 gilt-edged bonds

金剛經 vajra sutra|

金降落傘 golden parachute

緊箍咒 inhibiting magic phrase

緊密型企業集團 tightly-knit groups of enterprises

緊追 cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail

近海漁業 offshore fishery

進出口商會 chamber of import and export trade

進口滲透 import penetration

禁漁期 closed fishing seasons

禁止在任何地方、任何環境進行一切方式的釋放核能的核武器試驗保爆炸 prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment

經常項目順差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account

經常性貸款 commercial lending

經常性支出 running expenses

經濟林 cash tree

經營管理高度科學化的現代化大企業 modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system

精簡機構 streamline government organs

京劇票友 peking opera fan

景泰藍 cloisonné

勁射 power shot

竣工式 completion ceremony

k.

卡丁車 kart

開放式基金 open-ended fund

開工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity

坎兒井 karez

抗美援朝戰爭 war to resist us aggression and aid korea

抗震棚 quake-proof shelter

考研 take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools

科技成果轉化為生產力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements

科技含量 technology content

科技是第一生產力 science and technology constitute a primary productive force.

科教興國 rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation

可持續發展 sustainable development

空頭支票 accommodation note, lip service

控股公司 holding company

扣帽子 put a label on

跨實際工程 a trans-century project

虧損企業 enterprises running in the red/under deficit

困難職工 the needy

國民黨 kuomintang

l.

垃圾債券 junk bond

拉動經濟增長 fuel economic growth

拉拉隊 cheering squad

拉拉隊長 cheer-leader, rooter king

拉關係 try to curry favor with

勞動合同制 labor contract system

老字號 an old and famous shop or enterprise

"籬笆牆" barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading

禮儀小姐 ritual girl

利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

利基 niche

立體農業 three-dimensional agriculture

聯合聯絡小組 joint liaison group

廉政、勤政、務實、高效政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government

廉潔奉公,以正治國 (of an official) clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness

聯合兼併 conglomeration and merger of enterprises

聯合投標 syndicated tender

聯想集團 legend group

練攤 to be a vendor

糧食收購部門 (government's) grain procurement (purchasing) agencies

糧油關係:grain and oil rationing registration

兩岸直航促進會 association for promotion of cross-straits direct transportation

兩彈一艇 a-bomb, h-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine

"兩個對等的政治實體" "two equal political entities

兩個文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress

"兩思"(致富思源,富而思進) to think of the source of getting rich and of making progress after becoming affluence

老少邊窮地區 former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities, remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas

獵頭公司 head-hunting company

臨時主教練 caretaker coach

領頭羊 bellwether

留職停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary

留學諮詢:consulting on the study abroad

流動人口 transient population

亂集資、亂攤派、亂收費 unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises

亂收費、亂攤派、亂罰款 arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines

《論語》 analects of confucius

裸機:bare mobile phone

綠地覆蓋率 forest coverage rate

綠化 afforestation

m.

滿意度 degree of satisfaction

盲流和倒流人員 transient from the countryside

帽子戲法 hat trick

買一送一 two-for-one offer, buy one get one free

門前三包 be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building

朦朧詩 misty poetry

民工潮 farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities

民進黨 democratic progressive party

民主黨派、工商聯與無黨派人士 non-communist parties, federations of industry and commerce, personages without party affiliation

民族凝聚力 national cohesion

民族委員會 ethnic affairs commission

明明白白消費(2014年保護消費者權益工作主題)transparent consumption

磨洋工 dawdle along

n.

納米 nanometer

囊括 complete a sweep

耐用消費品 durable consumer items (goods)

南水北調 south-to-north water diversion

能官能民 be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people

能上網的手機 wap phone

內耗 in-fighting

年同比 year-on-year; on an annual basis

年夜飯 family reunion dinner

扭轉局面 reverse the tide, turn the table

農村剩餘勞動力 surplus rural labour (labourers)

o.

p.

跑龍套 utility man

泡沫經濟 bubble economy

配股 allotment of shares

配套政策 supporting policies

碰釘子 get snubbed

疲軟股票 soft stock

皮包公司 bogus company

票販子 scalper, ticket tout

騙匯、逃匯、套匯 obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn over foreign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage

貧富懸殊 polarization of rich and poor

瓶頸制約 “bottleneck”restrictions

撲網 rush-up, rushing

q.

起跑器 block

千代田壽險公司(日本) chiyoda mutual life insurance co.

搶跑 false start, beat the gun

親民黨 people first party

屈體 jackknife, pike

全能冠軍 all-around winner

全球通 global system for mobile communications

拳頭產品 competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster

r.

繞圈子 beat around the bush

人才流失brain drain

人浮於事 overstaffing

人工智能 artificial intelligence(ai)

人機交互 human-computer interaction

人類免疫缺陷病毒human immunodeficiency virus(hiv)

人情債 debt of gratitude

任意球 free kick

融資渠道 financing channels

入水時水花很少 clean entry

軟新聞 soft news

s.

三八線 38th parallel

三步走戰略 the three-step development strategy

三大作風 the party's three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forging close links with the masses and practicing self-criticism

"三個代表" "three represents" theory (the party should always represent the development needs of china's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of china's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest member of the chinese people.)

三個有利於 "three favorables" (whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces in a socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people's living standards

三好學生 merit student

"三講"教育(講學習、講政治、講正氣) "three emphases" education (to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)

三角債 chain debt

三通 three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the taiwan straits

三通一平 "three supplies and one leveling"; supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground (conditions ready for further economic development)

三下鄉 a program under which officials, doctors, scientist and college students go to the countryside to spread scientific and literacy knowledge and offer medical service to farmers

三字經 three-character scripture

"掃黃"、"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications

《山海經》the classic of mountains and rivers

商檢局 commodity inspection bureau

商品條碼 bar code

上市 to be listed

少數服從多數、下級服從上級、局部服從全體、全黨服從中央 the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the party to the central committee

社會熱點問題 hot spots of society

社會治安情況 public security situation

審時度勢 size up the situation

滲透、顛覆和分裂活動 infiltrative, subversive and splittist activities

《生死抉擇》 "live or die"

生態農業 environmental-friendly agriculture

失學兒童 dropout實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準 practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.

實體經濟 the real economy

實現中華民偉大復興 bring about a great rejuvenation of the chinese nation

實行國民待遇 grant the national treatment to

實行計劃生育、控制人口數量、提高人口素質 promotion of family planning to control the population size and improve the health of the people

實現小康目標 to achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life

市場疲軟 sluggish market

市場準入 market access

適度從緊的財政政策 moderately tight financial policy

適銷對路的產品readily marketable products

手機入網費 mobile access fee

受災地區 disaster-affected are

售後服務 after-sale services

樹立企業良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image

涮羊肉 instant-boiled mutton

雙刃劍 double-edged sword

水貨 smuggled goods

水墨畫 chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting

思鄉曲 nostalgia

思想僵鐵 fossilized concept

四項基本原則 the four cardinal principles of adherence to the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the communist party of china, and marxism-leninism and mao zedong thought

素質教育 education for all-around development

t.

彈性外交 elastic diplomacy

套利 arbitrage

提高農產品收購價格 the government's increase in its procurement prices (for farm products)

鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl

統一市場 single market

統一税 flat tax, consolidated tax

同鄉會 an association of fellow provincials or townsmen

筒子樓:tube-shaped apartment

偷税漏税 tax evasion

偷税、騙税、逃税、抗税 tax evasion, tax fraud, and refusal to pay taxes

投手 pitcher

透過現象看本質 see through the appearance to perceive the essence

團身 bunch up the body

推廣科研成果 turning laboratory achievements into commercial/mass production; commercialization of laboratory achievements

退耕還林還草 grain for green

脱貧 cast off poverty

脱手 release grip

w.

汪辜會談 wang daohan-koo chen-fu talks (wang-koo talks)

網絡出版 online publishing

網上衝浪surf the internet

穩定壓倒一切 maintaining stability is of top priority

維護人權和不斷改善人權狀況 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation

偽劣產品 fake and shoddy products

衞冕世界冠軍 reigning world champion

屋頂花園 roof garden

無氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator 

無人售票 self-service ticketing

無線應用協議 wap(wireless application protocol)

物價局 price bureau

物業管理 estate management, property management

x.

西部大開發 west development

吸收遊資 absorb idle fund

希望工程 project hope

喜憂參半 mingled hope and fear

洗錢 money laundering

下放權力給 delegating the management of ... (to ...)

下崗 laid-off workers

下海 plunge into the commercial sea

下網 off line

險勝 cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out

縣改市:county upgraded to city

縣級市:county-level city

現代企業制度 modern enterprise system; modern corporate system

向錢看 mammonism, put money above all

項目立項:approve and initiate a project

消費信貸 consumer credit services

削減戰略核武器會談 strategic arms reduction talks (start)

小康 a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity

新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star

信息港 inforport

信息化 informationize

信用緊縮 credit crunch

形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand

虛擬網 virtual net

選舉權和被選舉權 the right to vote and the right to be elected

徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends

y.

壓水花技術 rip entry

壓線(口令) line!

嚴打鬥爭strike-hard operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities

陽春(最經濟方式) no-frills

羊肉串小攤 barbecue stall

養老金 pension

搖錢樹 cash cow

藥物檢查 dope control, drug testing

一式兩聯 (receipt or invoice) in duplicate

一手抓物質文明,一手抓精神文明;一手抓經濟建設,一手抓民主法制;一手抓改革開放,一手抓打擊犯罪懲治腐敗 we must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress; we should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system; we should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.

以公有制為主體,多種經濟成分共同發展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side

以經濟建設為中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction

以謀略制勝 outmaneuver

以權謀私 abuse of power for personal gains

以人為本 people oriented; people foremost

以質量求生存、求發展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of equality

義和團運動 boxer uprising

義務兵役制 compulsory military service, conscription

義務教育 compulsory education

義演收入 proceeds from benefit performmance

易拉罐 pop can

因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude

隱性就業 unregistered employment

硬道理 absolute principle, top priority

營業税 turnover tax; business tax

應試教育 examination-oriented education system

優化結構 optimize structure

有法可依,有法必依,執法必嚴,違法必究 there must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and law-breakers must be prosecuted.

有理想、有道德、有文化、有紀律 with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline

有望奪金者 a gold medal hopeful

有勇無謀 use brawn rather than brain

與國際市場接軌 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market

輿論導向 direction of public opinion

輿論監督 supervision by public opinion

冤假錯案 cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases

圓寂 parinirvana

緣分 chemical, (as if by) predestination, be preordained to come together

遠景計劃 long-term development targets

運球 dribble

z.

"宰人" rip off

在職博士生 on-job doctorate

再貸款 re-lending; subloan

再就業服務中心 re-employment service center

藏學 tibetology

糟粕 dross

早戀 puppy love

造假帳 falsified accounts

齋月 ramadan

債轉股 debt-to-equity swap

沾光 benefit from one's association

站票 standing-room-only ticket

漲落線 advance balance line

朝陽產業 sunrise industry

招標投標制 the system of public bidding for project

正式照會 formal note

政府搭台,部門推動,企業唱戲 governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show.

政府上網工程government online project

政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up

政企分開 separate government functions from enterprise management

政務公開 make government affairs public

知識產權 intellectual property rights

知識經濟 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy

致命要害 achilles' heel

擲錢猜先 toss

《中華人民共和國消費者權益保護法》 law of the people's republic of china on the protection of consumers' rights and interests

中流砥柱 mainstay, chief corner stone

中美戰略核武器互不瞄準對方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other

中央大型企業工委:central work committee for large enterprises

中央商務區 central business district (cbd)

重點發展 prioritize

主體經濟 the mainstay of the economy

主持人 anchorperson

住房分配貨幣化進程 capitalization process of housing distribution/allocation

助跑 approach run, run-up

抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves

抓住機遇 seize the opportunity

轉化機制 (of state-owned enterprises) to shift to new management mechanisms

轉基因食品 gm food (genetically modified food)追平 produce the equalizer

轉體 truck rotation, turn, twist

撞線 breast the tape

追趕型和跨越式發展 pursuant and leap-forward development

資產保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets; maintenance and appreciation of assets value

資產階級自由化 bourgeois liberalization

資源配置 the distribution (allocation) of resources

《資治通鑑》 history as a mirror

自律機制 the self-discipline system

自我保護意識 self-protection awareness

自由港 free-trade port,free port

綜合國力 comprehensive national strength

綜合業務數字網 integrated service digital network (isdn)

綜合治理 comprehensive treatment

遵紀守法、廉潔奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties

第二篇:常用術語中英文對照

十、常用術語中英文對照 人生規劃life planning

自我介紹self-introduction 目標target

孔子confucius

《論語》the analects of confucius 修身養性cultivate one's moral character 儒家思想confucianism

詩歌poem

賞析appreciation

閲讀理解reading comprehension 意境artistic conception

意象imagery

情感emotion

朗誦recite

策劃consultant

情景模擬scenario simulation 記憶memory

貝多芬beethoven

命運交響曲symphony of destiny 古典音樂classical music 莫扎特mozart

費加羅的婚禮the marriage of figaro 蕭伯納george bernard shaw 戲劇drama

理想主義idealism

人道精神humanity

反抗性resistance

辯論debate

演講speech

主題theme

財富wealth

品格character

《紅樓夢》dream in red mansions 葉芝yeats

當你老了 when you are old 情景scene

道家taoism

無為而治taoist actionless governance 消極避世indifference

散文prose

小説novel

文學性literary

語言language

修辭rhetoric

敬畏生命reverence for life 抉擇choice

普通話mandarin

個人簡歷resume

招聘求職recruitment 求職信cover letter

自薦書written submissions 崗位post

市場營銷marketing

物流logistics

食品檢測food testing 高分子macromolecule

就業形勢employment situation 畢業論文thesis

摘要abstract

關鍵詞keyword

答辯defense

第三篇:fpc常用術語中英文對照

fpc常用術語中英文對照 0

fpc常用術語中英文對照

fpc常用術語中英文對照

a

accelerate aging ——加速老化,使用人工的方法,加速正常的老化過程。 acceptance quality level (aql) —— 一批產品中最大可以接受的缺陷數目,

通常用於抽樣計劃。

acceptance test ——用來測定產品可以接受的試驗,由客户與供應商之間決

定。

access hole ——在多層線路板連續層上的一系列孔,這些孔的中心在同一個

位置,而且通到線路板的一個表面。

annular ring ——是指保圍孔周圍的導體部分。

artwork ——用於生產 “artwork master”“production master”,有精確比

例的菲林。

artwork master ——通常是有精確比例的菲林,其按1:1的圖案用於生產

“production master”。

b

back light ——背光法,是一種檢查通孔銅壁完好與否得放大目檢方法,其做法是將孔壁外的基材自某一方向上小心的予以磨薄,再利用樹脂半透明的原理,從背後射入光線。假如化學銅孔壁品質完好而無任何破洞或針孔時,則該銅層必能阻絕光線而在顯微中呈現黑暗,一旦銅壁有破洞時,則必有光點出現而被

觀察到,並可放大攝影存證,稱為背光法,但只能看到半個孔。 base material ——絕緣材料,線路在上面形成。(可以是剛性或柔性,或兩

者綜合。它可以是不導電的或絕緣的金屬板。)。

base material thickness ——不包括銅箔層或鍍層的基材的厚度。

bland via ——導通孔僅延伸到線路板的一個表面。

blister ——離層的一種形式,它是在基材的兩層之間或基材與銅箔之間或保

護層之間局部的隆起。

board thickness 是——指包括基材和所有在上面形成導電層在內的總厚度。

bonding layer ——結合層,指多層板之膠片層 。

c

c-staged resin ——處於固化最後狀態的樹脂。

chamfer (drill) ——鑽咀柄尾部的角 。

characteristic impendence ——特性阻抗,平行導線結構對交流電流的阻力,通常出現在高速電流上,而且通常由在一定頻率寬度範圍的常量組成 。 circuit ——能夠完成需要的電功能的一定數量的電元素和電設備 。

circuit card ——見“printed board”。

circuitry layer ——線路板中,含有導線包括接地面,電壓面的層。 circumferential separation ——電鍍孔沿鍍層的整個圓周的裂縫或空隙。

creak ——裂痕,在線路板中常指銅箔或通孔之鍍層,在遭遇熱應力的考驗時,

常出現各層次的部分或全部斷裂。

crease ——皺褶,在多層板中常在銅皮處理不當時所發生的皺褶。

d

date code ——週期代碼,用來表明產品生產的時間。

delamination ——基材中層間的分離,基材與銅箔之間的分離,或線路板中所

有的平面之間的分離。

delivered panel(dp) ——為了方便下工序裝配和測試的方便,在一塊板上按

一定的方式排列一個或多個線路板。

dent ——導電銅箔的表面凹陷,它不會明顯的影響到導銅箔的厚度。 design spacing of conductive ——線路之間的描繪距離,或者在客户圖紙上

定義的線路之間的距離。

desmear ——除污,從孔壁上將被鑽孔摩擦融化的樹脂和鑽孔的碎片移走。 dewetting ——縮錫,在融化的錫在導體表面時,由於表面的張力,導致錫面

的不平整,有的地方厚,有的地方薄,但是不會導致銅面露出。

dimensioned hole ——指線路板上的一些孔,其位置已經由其使用尺寸確定,

不用和柵格尺寸一致。

double-side printed board ——雙面板。

drill body length ——從鑽咀的鑽尖到鑽咀直徑與肩部角度交叉點處的距離。

e

eyelet ——鉚眼,是一種青銅或黃銅製作的空心鉚釘,當線路板上發現某一通孔斷裂時,即可加裝上這種鉚眼,不但可以維持導電的功能,亦可以插焊零件。

不過由於業界對線路板品質的要求日嚴,使得鉚眼的使用越來越少。

f

fiber exposure ——纖維暴露,是指基材表面當受到外來的機械摩擦,化學反應等攻擊後,可能失去其外表所覆蓋的樹脂層,露出底材的玻璃布,稱為纖維

暴露,位於孔壁處則稱為纖維突出。

fiducial mark ——基準記號,在板面上為了下游的組裝,方便其視覺輔助系統作業起見,常在大型的ic於板面焊墊外緣的右上及左下各加一個圓狀或其它

形狀的“基準記號“,以協助放置機的定位。

flair ——第一面外形變形,刃角變形,在線路板行業中是指鑽咀的鑽尖部分,其第一面之外緣變寬使刃角變形,是因鑽咀不當地翻磨所造成,屬於鑽咀的次

要缺點。

flammability rate ——燃性等級,是指線路闆闆材的耐燃性的程度,在既定

的試驗步驟執行樣板試驗之後,其板材所能達到的何種規定等級而言。 flame resistant ——耐燃性,是指線路板在其絕緣的樹脂中,為了達到某種燃性等級(在ul中分hb,vo,v1及v2),必須在其樹脂的配方中加入某些化學藥品(如在fr -4中加入20%以上的溴),是板材之性能可達到一定的耐燃性。通常fr-4在其基材表面之徑向方面,會加印製造者紅色的ul水印,而未

加耐燃劑的g- 10,則徑向只能加印綠色的水印標記。

flare ——扇形崩口,在機械衝孔中,常因其模具的不良或板材的脆化,或衝

孔條件不對,造成孔口板材的崩鬆,形成不正常的扇形喇叭口,稱為扇形崩口。 flashover ——閃絡,在線路板面上,兩導體線路之間(即使有阻焊綠漆),當有電壓存在時,其間絕緣物的表面上產生一種 “擊穿性的放電”,稱為“閃

絡”。

flexible printed circuit,fpc ——軟板,是一種特殊性質的線路板,在組裝時可做三維空間的外形變化,其底材為可撓性的聚亞酰胺(pi)或聚酯類(pe)。

這種軟板也可以象硬板一樣,可作鍍通孔或表面裝配。

flexural strength ——抗撓強度,將線路板基材的板材,取其寬一寸,長2.5--6寸(根據厚度的不同而定)的樣片,在其兩端的下方各置一個支撐點,在其中央點連續施加壓力,直到樣片斷裂為止。使其斷裂的最低壓力強度稱為抗撓強

度。它是硬質線路板的重要機械性質之一 。

flute ——退屑槽,是指鑽咀或鑼刀,在其圓柱體上已挖空的部分,可做為廢

屑退出之用途。

flux ——阻焊劑,是一種在高温下具有活性的化學藥品,能將被焊物表面的氧化物或者污物予以清除,使熔融的焊錫能與潔淨的底層金屬結合而完成焊接。

g

gap ——第一面分攤,長刃斷開,是指鑽咀上兩個第一面分開,是翻磨不良造

成,也是一種鑽咀的次要缺點。

gerber data,gerberfile ——格式檔案,是美國gerber公司專為線路板面線路圖形與孔位,所開發的一系列完整的軟體檔案(正式名字是“rs 274”),

線路板設計者或線路板製造商可以使用它來實現文件的交換。

grid ——標準格,指線路板佈線時的基本經緯方格而言,早期每格的長寬格距

為100mil,那是以ic引腳為參考的,目前的格子的距離則越來愈堋? ground plane ——接地層,是多層板的一種板面,通常多層板的一層線路層要搭配一層大銅面的接地層,以當成眾多零件的公共接地迴歸地,遮蔽,以及散

熱。

grand plane clearance ——接地層的空環,元件的接地腳或電壓腳與其接地層或電壓層通常會以“一字橋”或“十字腳”與外面的大銅面進行互聯。至於穿層而過完全不接大銅面的通孔,則必須取消任何橋樑而與外界隔絕。為了避免因受熱而變形起見,通孔與大銅面之間必須留出膨脹所需的伸縮空間,這個

空間即是接地層的空環。

h

haloing ——白圈,白邊。通常是當線路板基材的板材在鑽孔,開槽等機械加

工太猛時,造成內部樹脂的破裂或微小的開裂之現象。

hay wire 也稱ju(版權歸本站:)mper wire.——是線路板上因板面印刷線路已斷,或因設計上

的失誤需在板子的表面以外採用焊接方式用包漆線連接。

heat sink plane ——散熱層。為了降低線路板的熱量,通常在班子的零件之

外,再加一層已穿許多腳孔的鋁板。

hipot test ——即high postential test ,高壓測試,是指採取比實際使用時

更高的直流電壓來進行各種電性試驗,以查出所漏的電流大校

hook ——切削刃緣不直,鑽咀的鑽尖部分是由四個表面所立體組成,其中兩個第一面是負責切削功用,兩個第二面是負責支持第一面的。其第一面的前緣就

是切削動作的刀口。正確的刀口應該很直,翻磨不當會使刃口變成外寬內窄的

彎曲狀,是鑽咀的一種次要缺陷。

hole breakout ——破孔。是指部分孔體已落在焊環區之外,使孔壁未能受到

焊環的完全包圍。

hole location ——孔位,指孔的中心點位置。

hole pull strength ——指將整個孔壁從板子上拉下的力量,即孔壁與板子所

存在地固著力量。

hole void ——破洞,指已完成電鍍的孔壁上存在地見到底材的破洞。 hot air leveling ——熱風整平,也稱噴錫。從錫爐中沾錫的板子,經過高壓

的熱風,將其多餘的錫吹去。

hybrid integrated circuit ——是一種在小型瓷質薄板上,以印刷方式施加貴重金屬導電油墨之線路,再經高温將油墨中的有機物燒走,而在板上留下導

體線路,並可以進行表面粘裝零件的焊接。

i

icicle ——錫尖,是指在組裝板經過波峯焊後,板子焊錫面上所出現的尖錐狀

的焊錫,也叫solder projection。

i.c socket ——集成電路塊插座。

image transfer ——圖象轉移,在電路板工業中是指將底片上的線路圖象,以

“直接光阻”的方式或“間接印刷”的方式轉移到板面上。

immersion plating ——浸鍍,是利用被鍍金屬與溶液中金屬離子間電位差的關係,在浸入的瞬間產生置換作用,使被鍍金屬表面原子拋出電子的同時,讓溶液中的金屬離子收到電子,而立即在被鍍金屬表面產生一層鍍層。也叫

galvanic displacement。

impendent ——阻抗,“電路”對流經其中已知頻率之交流電流,所產生的全

部阻力稱為阻抗(z),其單位是歐姆。

impendent control ——阻抗控制,線路板中的導體中會有各種信號的傳遞,當為提高其傳輸速率而必須提高其頻率,線路本身若因蝕刻而導致截面積大小

不定

s

screen ability ——網印能力,指網版印刷加工時,其油墨在刮壓之作用下具

有透過網布之露空部分,而順利漏到板上的能力。

screen printing ——網版印刷,是指在已有圖案的網布上,用刮刀刮擠壓出

油墨,將要轉移地圖案轉移到板面上,也叫“絲網印刷”。

secondary side ——第二面,即線路板的焊錫面,solder side。

shank ——鑽咀的炳部。

shoulder angle ——肩斜角,指鑽頭的柄部與有刃的部分之間,有一種呈斜肩

式的外形過渡區域,其斜角即稱為肩斜角。

silk screen ——網板印刷,用聚酯網布或不鏽鋼網布當載體,將正負片的圖案以直接乳膠或間接版膜方式轉移到網框的網布上形成的網版,作為對線路板

印刷的工具。

skip printing,plating ——漏印,漏鍍。

sliver ——邊條,版面之線路兩側,其最上緣表面出,因鍍層超過阻劑厚度,常發生在兩側橫向伸長的情形,此種細長的懸邊因下方並無支撐,常容易斷落

在板上,將可能發生短路的情形,而這種·懸邊就叫“sliver”。

smear ——膠渣,在線路板鑽孔時,其鑽頭與板材在快速摩擦的過程中,會產生高温高熱,而將板材中的樹脂予以軟化甚至液化,以致塗滿了孔壁,冷卻後

即成為一層膠渣。

solder ——焊錫,是指各種比例的錫鉛合金,可當成電子零件焊劑所用的焊料,其中,線路板以63/37的錫鉛比例的solder最為常用,因為這種比例時,其熔點最低(183°c),而且是由固態直接轉化為液態,反之亦然,其間並無經過

漿態。

solder ability ——可焊性,各種零件的引腳和線路板的焊墊等金屬體,其接

受銲錫的能力。

solder ball ——錫球,當板面的綠漆或基材上樹脂硬化情形不好時,又受助焊劑的影響或發生濺錫的情形時,在焊點的附近板面上,常會附有一些細小的

顆粒狀的焊錫點,稱為錫球。

solder bridge ——錫橋,指組裝之線路板經焊接後,在不該有通路的地方,

常會出現不當地銲錫導體,而着成錯誤的短路。

solder bump ——銲錫凸塊,為了與線路板的連接,在晶片的連接點處須做上

各種形狀的微“銲錫凸塊”。

solder side ——焊錫面,見“secondary side”。

spindle ——主軸,指線路板行業使用的鑽機的主軸,可夾緊鑽咀高速運轉。 static eliminator ——靜電消除裝置,線路板是以有機樹脂為基材,在製程中的某些磨刷工作將會產生靜電。故在清洗後,還須進行除靜電的工作,才不

致吸附灰塵及雜物。一般生產線上均應設置各種消除靜電裝置。

substrate ——底材,在線路板工業中專指無銅箔的基材板而言。

substractive process ——減成法,是指將基材上部分無用的銅箔減除掉,而

達成線路板的做法稱為“減成法”。

support hole (金屬)——支撐通孔,指正常的鍍通孔,即具有金屬孔壁的孔。 surface-mount device(smd) ——表面裝配零件,不管是具有引腳,或封裝是否完整的各式零件,凡能夠利用錫膏做為焊料,而能在板面焊墊上完成焊接組

裝者皆稱為smd。

surface mount technology ——表面裝配技術,是利用板面焊墊進行焊接或結

合的組裝技術,有別於採用通孔插焊的傳統的組裝方式,稱為smt。

t

tab ——接點,金手指,在線路板上是指板邊系列接點的金手指而言,是一種

非正規的説法。

tape automatic bonding (tab) ——卷帶自動結合。

tenting ——蓋孔法,是利用幹膜在外層板上作為不鍍錫鉛之直接阻劑,可同時能將各通孔自其兩端孔口處蓋緊,能保護孔壁不致受藥水的攻擊,同時也能

保護上下板面的焊環,但對無環的孔壁則力有所不及。

tetrafuctional resin ——四功能樹脂,線路板狹義是指有四個反應基的環氧樹脂,這是一種染成黃色的基材,其tg可高達180°,尺寸安定性也較fr-4

好。

thermo-via ——導熱孔,在線路板上大型ic等高功率零件,在工作中慧產生大量的熱,必須要將此熱量予以排散,以免損及電子設備的壽命,其中一個簡

單的方法,就是利用 ic的底座空地,刻意另行製作pth將熱量直接引至背面的

大銅面上,進行散熱,這種用於導熱而不導電的通孔稱為導熱孔。

thief ——輔助陰極,見 “robber”。

thin copper foil ——銅箔基材上所附的銅箔,凡其厚度低於0.7mil的稱為

thin copper foil。

thin core ——薄基材,多層板的內層是由薄基材製作。

through hole mounting ——通孔插裝,是指早期線路板上各零件之組裝,皆

採用引腳插孔及填錫方式進行,以完成線路板上的互連。

tie bar ——分流條,在線路板工業中是指板面經過蝕刻得到獨立的線路後,若還需進一步電鍍時,需預先加設導電的路徑才能繼續進行,例如鍍金導線。

touch up ——修理。

trace ——線路 指線路板上的一般導線或線條而言,通常並不包括通孔,大地,

焊墊及焊環 。

twist ——板翹,指板面從對角線兩側的角落發生變形翹起,稱為板翹。其測

量的方法是將板的三個叫落緊枱面,再測量翹起的角的高度 。

w

wicking ——燈芯效應,質地疏鬆的燈芯或燭心,對油液會發生抽吸的毛細現象,稱為wicking.電路板之板材經過鑽孔後,其玻璃纖維切斷處常呈鬆疏狀,也能吸入pth的各種槽液,以致造成一小段化學銅層存留在其中,此種滲也稱

為“燈芯效應”。

x

x-ray ——x光。

y

yield ——良品率,生產批量中通過品質檢驗的良品,其所佔總產量的百分率

第四篇:smt常用術語中英文對照

簡稱

英文全稱

中文解釋

smt

surface mounted technology表面貼裝技術

smd

surface mount device表面安裝設備(元件)dip

dual in-line package雙列直插封裝

qfp

quad flat package四邊引出扁平封裝pqfp

plastic quad flat package塑料四邊引出扁平封裝sqfp

shorten quad flat package縮小型細引腳間距qfpbga

ball grid array package

球柵陣列封裝

pga

pin grid array package

針柵陣列封裝

cpga

ceramic pin grid array

陶瓷針柵陣列矩陣

plcc

plastic leaded chip carrier

塑料有引線芯片載體

clcc

ceramic leaded chip carrier

塑料無引線芯片載體

sop

small outline package

小尺寸封裝

tsop

thin small outline package

薄小外形封裝

sot

small outline transistor

小外形晶體管

soj

small outline j-lead package

j形引線小外形封裝

soic

small outline integrated circuit package小外形集成電路封裝

mcm

multil chip carrier

多芯片組件

melf

圓柱型無腳元件

d

diode

二極管

r

resistor

電阻

soc

system on chip

系統級芯片

csp

chip size package

芯片尺寸封裝

cob

chip on board板上芯片

第五篇:外貿常用術語 中英文對照

外貿常用術語 中英文對照

2014-02-23 16:27:31 作者:tc001 來源: 瀏覽次數:324

ing list deatiling the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package 載明每件貨物之內部包裝的規格和內容的裝箱單 ined invoice is not acceptable 不接受聯合發票轉 the stipulations of “uniform customs and practice for documentary credits”“跟單信用證統一慣例”

ing list deatiling the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package 載明每件貨物之內部包裝的規格和內容的裝箱單

ing list detailing? 詳註??的裝箱單

ing list showing in detail? 註明??細節的裝箱單

ht list 重量單

ht notes 磅碼單(重量單)

iled weight list 明細重量單

ht and measurement list重量和尺碼單

ed commercial invoice已簽署的商業發票 in duplicate 一式兩份 in triplicate 一式三份 in quadruplicate 一式四份 in quintuplicate 一式五份 in sextuplicate 一式六份 in septuplicate 一式七份 in octuplicate一式八份 in nonuplicate 一式九份 in decuplicate 一式十份

ficiary's original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating (showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of) the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information. 以買方的名義開具、註明商品名稱、原產國及其他有關資料,並經簽署的受益人的商業發票正本至少一式八份

ed attested invoice combined with certificate of origin and value in 6 copies as reuired for imports into nigeria. 以簽署的,連同產地證明和貨物價值的,輸入尼日利亞的聯合發票一式六份

ficiary must certify on the invoice?have been sent to the accountee 受益人須在發票上證明,已將??寄交開證人 5.4% discount should be deducted from total amount of the commercial invoice 商業發票的總金額須扣除4%折扣

ice must be showed: under a/p no.? date of expiry 19th jan. 1981 發票須表明:根據第??號購買證,滿期日為1981年1月19日

ments in combined form are not acceptable不接受聯合單據

ined invoice is not acceptable 不接受聯合發票轉 the stipulations of “uniform customs and practice for documentary credits”“跟單信用證統一慣例”

pt as otherwise stated herein---除本證另有規定外

pt so far as otherwise expressly stated---除非另有明確表示

credit is subject to?---本證根據??解釋

orm customs and practice for documentary credits---跟單信用證統一慣例

rnational chamber of commerce brochure no.400---國際商會第400號手冊20.1983 revision---1983年修訂本

pt as otherwise expressly stated herein, this credit is subject to uniform customs and practice for documentary credits 1993 revision, international chamber of commerce,

publication no.500---除另有規定外,本證根據國際商會第500號出版物《跟單信用證統一慣例》1993年修訂解釋

22.支付條件(terms of payment) (1)our usual way of payment is by confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit available by draft at sight for the full amount of the contracted goods to be established in our favour through a bank acceptable to the sellers. 我們的一般付款方式是保兑的、不可撤銷的、以我公司為受益人的、足額信用證,見票即付。信用證應通過為賣方認可的銀行開出。

23.支付條件(terms of payment) (1)our usual way of payment is by confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit available by draft at sight for the full amount of the contracted goods to be established in our favour through a bank acceptable to the sellers. 我們的一般付款方式是保兑的、不可撤銷的、以我公司為受益人的、足額信用證,見票即付。信用證應通過為賣方認可的銀行開出。

(2)for payment,we require 100% value,confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transhipment allowed clause,available by draft at sight,payable against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank here. 我們要求用100%金額的、保兑的、不可撤銷的信用證,並規定允許轉船和分批裝運,憑匯票向議付行交單即期付款。

(3)the letter of credit should be established with its clauses in confirmation with the terms and conditions of the contract.信用證所開條款,必須與合約條款相符。

(4)we usually accept payment by l/c at sight draft or by t/t in advance,but never by c.o.d. 通常我們接受即期信用證付款或電匯。我們從不接受貨到付款的辦法。 we insist on a letter of credit. 我們堅持用信用證方式付款。 as i've said, we require payment by l/c. 我已經説過了,我們要求以信用證付款。 we still intend to use letter of credit as the term of payment. 我們仍然想用信用證付款方式。 we always require l/c for our exports. 我們出口一向要求以信用證付款。 l/c at sight is normal for our exports to france. 我們向法國出口一般使用即期信用證付款。 we pay by l/c for our imports. 進口我們也採用信用證匯款。 our terms of payment is confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit. 我們的付款條件是保兑的不可撤消的信用證。 you must be aware that an irrevocable l/c gives the exporter the additional protection of banker's guarantee. 你必須意識到不可撤消信用證為出口商提供了銀行擔保。 is the wording of "confirmed" necessary for the letter of credit? 信用證上還用寫明“保兑”字樣嗎? for payment we require 100% value, irrevocable l/c in our favour with partial shipment allowed clause available by draft at sight. 我們要求用不可撤消的、允許分批裝運、金額為全部貨款、並以我方為抬頭人的信用證,憑即期匯票支付

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