寫作基本要領

寫作基本要領

? 使用規範的句子

1. 完整

1)意義的完整

Bikes are so popular in China.

(Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.)

2)結構的完整

指代不明

It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.

(It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.)

省略錯誤

I said I have more respect for him than his wife.

(I said I have more respect for him than for his wife.)

斷句不嚴

We couldn’t decide upon a new car, there were many attractive models.

(We couldn’t decide upon a new car, for there were many attractive models.) or

(We couldn’t decide upon a new car. There were many attractive models.)

2.連貫

1) 代詞指向不明確

He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.

(He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously hurt.)

2) 不定式、分詞、動名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致

To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.

(To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.)

3) 結構不平行

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed. (Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.) It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.

(The ceremony was both long and tedious.)

4) 主次不分，重點不突出

The competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year and the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination and they neglect their health and so the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.

(As the competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year, the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination, neglecting their health. In view of this, the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.)

3.簡練

1) 刪除（多餘成分）

The distant explosion was audible to the ear.

(The distant explosion was audible.)

There are four companies in Shanghai, and any of them can supply us with spareparts.

(Any of the four companies in Shanghai can supply us with spareparts.)

2) 替換（用詞或詞組替代從句）

The bottles that are placed on the shelf contain some chemicals that have been newly discovered. (The bottles on the shelf contain new chemicals.)

Mr. Li, who is my favorite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.

(Mr. Li, my favorite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.)

4. 多樣化

1) 簡單句與複雜句

I am sorry not to have answered your letter earlier.

I am sorry that I have not answered your letter earlier.

2) 雙重否定

The value of the information he has provided cannot be overestimated.

There is no general rule without some exceptions.

3) 變化主語

If you take this medicine, you will feel better.

This medicine will make you feel better.

? 常用句型

1. 相似性

1) A is to B what/as C is to D

Moral corruption is to the State as physical disease is to an individual body.

2) Just as … , so …

Just as woods are indispensable to birds, so is the earth to human beings.

3) A and B have sth. in common

As far as personality is concerned, they have almost everything in common.

4) A is similar to B

My hobby is similar to his in that we both like collecting records, foreign and domestic.

5) The same is true of, The same can be said of

As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion (隔絕). The same is true of China.

2. 相異性

1) A is just the opposite (to B)

Beijing is populous and crowded, while Canberra is just the opposite.

2) A differs from B in that …

China’s condition differs from ours in that China has the largest population in the world.

3) … is not the same

While it may be true that basketball and volleyball share certain features, the excitement each arouses in the spectators is not the same.

3. 權衡

1) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages

It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.

2) Nothing can rival …

Perhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading.

3) … has drawbacks as well as merits.

There could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

4) A is superior to B

Men may be superior to women in physical affairs. Yet, there is no difference in intelligence.

5) … varies from person to person

People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.

4. 過渡句

1) It is true that most jobs are a series of more or less unpleasant chores, but it doesn’t follow that that’s all they are.

2) This is true, no doubt, but it is not the whole story by any means.

3) It is fairly well known that Vitamin C is indispensable to health. But it is probably less well known that taking it excessively may do harm to the human body.

5. 圖表作文中的過渡

1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two universities. As can be indicated in the table, the housing space for the staff of A in 1995 was 34 500 square meters, which nearly doubled the B’s corresponding figure.

2) As we could find out later in this unit, his plan was not quite as he had expected.

3) As is revealed in the graph …

4) As the survey results show …

6. 描述曲線走勢

1) The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.

2) The birth rate in this region rocketed to the highest peak in 1963.

7. 圖表作文中的開頭與結尾

1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two key universities.

2) The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records … The second graph throws a light on …

3) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows: …

4) If drivers continue to drive more carefully and further strengthen their sense of safety, the rate of accidents can be expected to decline even more dramatically in the year 1991.

? 句子之間的連接

1.過渡詞語

1)附加遞進：and, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides

3) 對比轉折：but, yet, while, whereas, although, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast

3)陳述理由：for, since, as, because, due to, on the grounds that, owing to

4)表達結果：so, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore

5)肯定強調：obviously, certainly, of course, undoubtedly, in fact, indeed

6)羅列條件：if, as long as, provided that, unless

7)順序列舉：firstly, to begin with, then, after this, last but not least

8)舉例論證：for instance, for example, namely, such as, including

9)總結説明：in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, to conclude

2. 反義詞或互補詞

1) 反義詞：Years ago a TV set was regarded as a luxury. Today it is a necessity.

2) 互補詞：Discrimination is mainly practiced against women in the field of science. We don’t find men complaining about this.