大學英語四級寫作技巧簡介

大學英語四級寫作技巧簡介

之一——文章結構

英文寫作一直是學生們的弱項，四級考試將近，大家都很擔心寫作問題，在此我先簡單介紹一下文章的結構問題，以後再談其他方面。

四級寫作一般以三段式展開，題目要求中通常包含三個要點，每個要點為一段（記住，一定要分段），第一段提出問題，第二段分析問題，第三段解決問題。以歷年的真題為例，2006年12月的題目為Spring Festival Gala on CCTV，要求：1。許多人喜歡看春節晚會；2。但有些人提出取消春節晚會；3。我的看法。“喜歡看春節晚會”是正常現象，應該作為問題的開端進行簡短介紹，“有些人提出取消春節晚會”才是重點，必須給出相應的篇幅做詳細闡述。最後表明我的觀點，其實就是問作者的態度及解決這個矛盾的方法。又如2006年6月的題目：An Announcement for a Voluntary Program, 要求：1。校學生會組織一次暑假志願活動現招募志願者；2。本次志願活動的目的、內容及安排；3。報名條件和聯繫方式。這仍是三段式的結構，第一段提出問題——告之大家會舉辦一次暑假志願活動，第二段描述問題——介紹志願活動的相關信息，第三段解決問題——怎樣加入志願活動（報名信息）。往年還考過寫簡歷，寫演講稿，論述社會現象等題目，總是跳不出三段式，因此學生們必須掌握如何寫三段式作文。

總的來説有三點要注意：1。開篇就得點題。文章字數有限，必須採取開門見山的方法，但開篇點題並不是説第一段第一句話就得提出問題，在這之前可以有所修飾，有導入的成分，但不要太長，一般第三句就得清楚、突出地把問題點出來。2。中間段闡述必須清楚。中間段是全文的核心部分，要做到闡述清楚，論證充分，要有一致性、連貫性和條理性。一般由主題句和擴展句組成，主題句是觀點的高度濃縮，應該言簡意賅；擴展句是對主題句的詳細闡述，應該做到理由充分，內容一致。3。結尾段進行總結，並提出解決問題的方法。最後的總結在觀點上可以重申但不可以重複，另外結尾一定要有所昇華，不能仍停留在對問題的描述上，既然存在問題，就必須想辦法解決。

至於如何開端、如何論述、如何結尾的問題，大家敬請期待下一回吧！當然我不會讓大家久等的:)

寫作能力無法一口氣提高，大家必須在平時勤修苦練。

之二——突出主題

Well begun is a half done，如何開頭是值得注意的問題，它能確定你的文章給人留下的first impression。中國人喜歡先講道理最後給出結論，而西方人習慣先下定義，再慢慢解釋。按照西方人的思維方式，我們在寫文章開頭的時候就得突出主題，不拐彎抹角。

常見的開頭的寫作方法大致有下面幾種：

1。引述名言諺語

eg: "You have to believe in yourself. That's the secret of success." Charles Chaplin ever said. In my opinion, self-confidence is the first element on the way to your the old saying goes:"Knowledge is power." The main way for us students to gain knowledge is from the books. So some students argue thatwe should read extensively...

It is well known to us all that "..."

2. 對比，比較

eg: Some people say ..., while others claim that ...

Some people believe..., but others argue that...

Old people often feel that..., but for the young, it is ....

3. 提出一個問題

eg： What constitutes enough information for the decision-maker? It's impossible to put a number on it, but...

Should the Spring Festival Gala be cancelled ? Different people have different answers.

Misunderstanding is inevitable in communications. If such misfortuns occurs, what is your response? Here are some tips for you to treat it in a proper way.

4。數據引證（一般用在看圖作文中）

eg: As we can see in the charts(柱狀圖，圓形百分比圖)，the number of Chinese people who go abroad has increased greatly between 1992 and 2002.

As is clearly shown in the charts, there is an increasing number of people who own a car during the recent three years.

The figures in this graph（曲線圖）show us that...

According to the graph, we can find that...

It can be seen from the table（圖表，表格）that...

5. 陳述現狀

eg: With the rapid development of..., the interview is becoming more and more important in job-hunting.

Because of the development of..., great changes have occured in the educational system of China.

Nowadays mobilphone is very popular with college students.(很受學生歡迎)In recent years cheating in CET4 still prevails among the college students. （近幾年裏四級考試舞弊現象在大學生中仍然很普遍。）

It is well-accepted that nowadays dishonesty is a common phenomenon in society. (人們都意識到現今社會中普遍存在不誠實的現象)

There is a heated debate over private car.

Nowadays private car aroused a lot of controversy.

偏離主題是寫作中的大忌諱，它意味着考生做了30分鐘的白工。為了避免這個問題我們一定要仔細省題，弄清楚考題要求是寫議論文、説明文還是記敍文，然後確定文章主題和大致思路。

之三——主題句和擴展句

在明確了題目要求、確定立意後，應該根據題意構思出文章的框架結構。其中寫好主題句是最關鍵的步驟。

論述的段落包含多個主題句。主題句（topic sentence）反映段落的中心思想，體現文章的整體結構，讓讀者對作者的思路一目瞭然。要寫好主題句必須注意以下幾個方面：

1。主題句必須是個完整的句子，與文章主旨密切相關。

2。主題句一般是general sentence，內容明確、具體。

3。主題句內涵要廣，便於展開細節論述。

比如，寫一篇論述計算器的文章，主題思想是反映計算器能幫助人們快速解決算術問題，但過分依賴計算器會對人腦有不良影響。那麼主題句應該要緊扣計算器的使用利弊這個方面，

eg: Calculators can obveousely benefit us.

However, overusing calculators will also do some harm to us.

如果句子不夠具體明確，段落的主題便模糊不清，在進一步闡述時會失去方向感。如：To improve English proficiency, one needs to acquire some skills. 這句話中的some skills太泛，讀者弄不清到底是哪方面的技能技巧。改成：To improve reading ability, one needs to acquire some reading skills. 這樣含義清楚，範圍明確，便於細節描述。

而如果句子涉及的面太窄，不夠general，沒有進一步討論的餘地，這樣的句子就不適合作主題句。如：Today more and more women are going out to work. 這句話含義非常清楚，沒有進行詳細闡述的必要，所以它本身只能是細節句，用來解釋主題句。

主題句確定後，必須有足夠的細節去支持主題句所提出的觀點，給出充分、有力的論證。這就是擴展句的任務。擴展句是段落的主幹部分，是對主題句的中心思想的詳細解釋，它的特點是：1。清晰詳實；2。條理分明；3。內容一致。如：主題句為：Cellphone is one of the most popular means of communication. 那麼接下來的擴展句應該要緊跟這個中心意思，有條理地進行闡述：（擴展句1）People make use of it to make an appointment, take a message for others, discuss a question and so on. （擴展句2）People even use it to have a meeting or give a notice.這兩句話都説明了手機的社交功能，而且以遞進的順序排列，讓讀者更好地理解主題句的含義，具有説服力。

之四——段落的展開

主題句與擴展句構成段落，那麼文章段落有什麼樣的特點呢？

1。段落一致性。

在一個段落就只有一個主題句，就是説一個段落就只能有一箇中心思想，一個核心，段落中所有其他句子都要圍繞這個中心展開或鋪述，一切與主題句沒有

直接關係的句子都要捨棄掉。如：However, fake commodities are extremely harmful to consumers as well as to the whole society. First of all, fake commodities may cause losses to consumers. Meanwhile, fake commodities may harm people's health, sometimes even lives. And in the 1998 fatal alcohol poisoning case in Shanxi Province, for example, a peasant produced "alcohol", dreaming of becoming rich overnight; which, with 27 people killed and about 700 poisoned, caused great

sufferings to the victims and shocked the whole country as well. Therefore, it is really high time we took action to crack down on the production and sale of fake

commodities. 第一句顯然是主題句，其後作者用了三個擴展句進行説明，每句話都與主題句密切相關，最後的結尾句對整段論述做了昇華。所以這一段落是符合一致性原則的。

2。段落連貫性

一個好段落在具體語言上和內容上要有連貫性，段落中的句子要符合一定的條理和邏輯順序，句與句之間銜接要緊密，過度要自然、流暢，這樣才能反映出一個清晰的思路。如：It is known to us all that modern transportation plays an important role in our life. In the past people used to suffer a great deal if they had to make a long journey or convey some heavy goods, the fact is that the transport means at that time was simple and rare. Today, various vehicles, ships and airplanes have enabled us to go wherever we like to. Not only does modern transportation bring people much

convenience, but is also frees people from the hard work of conveyance. What is more important is that modern transportaion has saved much of our time so that we can do more work and learn more knowledge. 第一句話點明主題，然後通過古今對比展開論述，按時間順序排列，條理清楚，語句連貫自然。

按邏輯順序安排細節是使段落連貫的方法之一，常用的順序有四種：時間順序、空間順序、演繹法和歸納法。演繹法是先通過主題句給出一般的總體的觀點，然後給出擴展句擺具體的事實，體現了一般到具體的順序；歸納法是先給具體事實和細節，再概括總結出其中道理、規律，體現了具體到一般的順序。

使段落連貫的方法之二是使用適當的連接手段，一般是指關聯詞的使用。這個問題我下次再詳許述。

之五——段落的連貫性

在確定好一條條的擴展句後，怎樣把這些句子流暢而連貫地組合在一起呢？這便是關聯詞發揮作用的時候了。在英語中，句與句之間、段與段之間一般都有連詞或關聯詞連接，通過這些詞讀者能夠很清楚地明白文章前後的邏輯聯繫。適當使用關聯詞是四級寫作必備的技能，大家應該要引起特別重視。常用的關聯詞分為四類：

1。列舉類

列舉法常用在議論文中，當作者提出一個論點後，可通過列舉出一系列事實對其進行説明或論證。列舉類關聯詞有：

first(ly), second(ly),... finally; for one thing, for another; on the one hand, on the other hand; moreover; furthermore; what's more; in addition; besides; first of all; in the first place, in the second place; (at)last; then; next; the last but not the least

2。舉例類

舉例法是用事例或數據對中心觀點進行説明論證的方法，舉例類關聯詞有：

for example; for instance; such as; like; example; a case in point; namely; in other words; that is; especially; in particular

3。比較和對比

比較是把兩種或兩種以上的事物進行比較，以辨別出它們的相似之處；對比是將這些事物進行對照，辨別其差異而指出各自的特徵和本質。這類關聯詞有：but; however; yet; otherwise; while; in contrast; by contrast; on the contrary; similarly; likewise; like; conversely; rather than; instead; on the other hand; equally; nevertheless; nonetheless; unlike; still; in the same way; compared with...

4. 因果類

as a result; since; because(of); thanks to; due to; owing to; for this reason; hence; thus; therefore; on this/that account; on account of; consequently

5. 總結類

總結法是指在表達了一個觀點或舉了一個例子後，進行總結、給出概括，這類關聯詞有：

in this case; according to; in a word; in brief; in short; to sum up

之六——四級寫作萬能句型

1）第一段：

（1）現狀説明：“用於文章開頭的語句”

asked about.../ When it comes to.../ Faced with... most/many people believe that ..., but other people consider it differently/ regard it as...

2. When it comes to ..., people's opinions differ. Some hold the opinion that ..., while others claim that ...

3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the role/ view/ idea of .... Some people claim that ..., while others believe that ....

4. There is a general discussion today about the problem/ issue of .... Those who

criticize ... argue that .... They believe that ... But people who advocate ..., on the other hand, argue that ....

5. Most people are of the opinion that .... But I personally believe that ....

6. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that ....

7. Now, it is generally acknowledged that ..., but I doubt whether ....

（2) 圖表描述：“用於描寫圖片或數據的語句”

1. In 1990, it increased/decreased from ... to ...

2. By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by

3. The figure has nearly doubled,compared with/ as against that of last year.

4. It has increased/ decreased almost twice/ six times, compared with ...

5. The number is twice/ four times/ half as much as that of 1990.

6. It accounts for/ takes up... percent of the total.(佔……的比例)

7. The number was more than/ less than ...,a half/ third/ quater of the 1990 total.

2）第二段：

（1）原因列舉：“用於解釋原因的語句”

1. The phenomenon/change in ... mainly result from the fact that ...

2. One may regard the phenomenon as a of.../ response to...

3. There are many causes/ reasons for this dramatic growth/decrease. First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...

4. A number of factors can account for the change in ...

5. Another contributory factor of ... is ...

6. Why do people ...?For one thing, ... for another, .../ One reason is... Another is... Perhaps the primary reason is ....

7. ... is also responsible for the rise/ decrease in ...

（2）觀點陳述：“用於比較、駁斥的語句”

I．用於比較的語句

1. The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from B.

2. Good as A is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, it ...; for another, it ....

3. Although A has enormous/ much/ considerable/ a distinct advantage over B ..., it can not compete with B in ...

4. A's advantage sounds ridiculous/ means nothing when B's advantages are considered.

II．用於駁斥的語句

1. Although a lot of people believe that ..., I doubt/ wonder whether the argument bears much analysis/ close examination

2. As opposed to widely held ideas, I believe/ think/ argue that ...

3. Although the popular belief/ idea is that ..., (a) current study/ survey indicates that ...

4. They may be right about ..., but they seem to neglect/ fail to mention/ consider the fact that ...

5. Although it is widely accepted that ..., it is unlikely to be true that ...

6. It is true that ..., but this is not to say/ it doesn't mean that ...

7. There is/are absolutely no/ in fact every reason(s) for us to believe/ accept/ resist/ reject that ...

8. What these people fail to understand/ consider/ mention is that ...

9. You/ One may think/ argue/ say that .... It probably will. But ...

10. It is one thing to believe that ..., but it is quite another to say that ...

3）第三段：

結束語：“用於文章結尾的語句”

1. From what has been discussed above/ Taking into account all these features/ Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely draw the conclusion that ....

2. All the evidence supports an unshakable conclusion that ....

3. It is (high) time that we placed great emphasis on ....

4. It is (high) time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of ....

5. There is little doubt/ no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of ....

6. It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation.