考研英語寫作技巧

考研英語寫作技巧

短文寫作是語法語境、短語詞彙及認識表達等融為一體的語言能力訓練。要想在40分鐘內現場寫出高質量的短文，除了要有較好的語言基礎，還要注意掌握一定的應試技巧，多思考，勤實踐，做到舉一反三，以不變應萬變。儘管寫作的題目可以千變萬化，但只要熟悉了寫作套路、方法和技巧，任何題目都可根據內容歸人一定的模式。

I常見的寫作模式

雖然文章無定式，但在長期的書面表達中人們還是總結出一些約定俗成的寫作方法。本章節是在參考大量國外寫作材料的基礎上寫成的，經多年實踐頗見成效，使不同程度的考生均能通過短期訓練得到較大提高。因此只要在運用中認真領會，掌握規律，一定會大受裨益。

考試的內容可以千變萬化，但寫作框架卻相對模式化。如果考生分別掌握開頭、中間、結尾段的表達方法，即做到大模塊在握，再熟記一些常用套句、主題句的固定表達，就會穩紮穩打，為考試做好充分準備。

為了便於邊學邊練，立見成效，本部分分三步講解：

第一步：展示模式，使框架內容一目瞭然。

第二步：試題舉例，用實踐模式來説明用法。

第三步：模擬練習，通過實際訓練使寫作水平得以穩步提高。

Introduction:

present situation / background information / thesis statementBody:

topic sentence_____________________________

supporting details:examples / facts / evidence / statistics / physical description / personal experience

conclusion:

short summary:

predictionopinion

suggestionpreference

solutionrecommendation

implicationcall for action

commentspractice

1992年、1993年及1995年試題均屬這種類型。寫作時可根據試題選用一項或多項內容。

(二)試題舉例

Title：Probleins in Our Gmin Pmduction

Opening sentence：With the rapid growth of our economy，we do not worry about food shortage anymore．

Outline：

1．Present situation for grain production．

2．Diseussion of the problems with specific details．

3．Summary and prediction．

參考範文：

Pronblems in Our Grain Production

with the rapid growth of our economy, we do not worry about food shortages. But can we grow much more grain to feed our growing population? Based on extensive rescarch, agricultural experts warn that grain

production will decrease considerably wordwide for the next ten years. The situation is more serious in China.

There are at least three major problems in grain production. First, our farmland shrinks rapidly because of the construction of factories, apartments, golf coureses, shopping malls and graveyards. Moreover, peasants are eager to produce tobacco or flowers to get higher profits. Second, shortage of water often result in poor harvests because the rapid expansion of cities and towns uses up most of the water resources. In most dry provinces, a mild drought may cause poor or no harvest. Finally, since their life in rural areas is a perpetual struggle against poverty, millions of young peasants rush to cities for easier jobs and leave fertile fields to lie wasted.

In summary, lack of manpower, shortage of water and decrease of famrland are the major problems to be solved. With only 7% of farmland, we already produce enough food for 22% of the world population If we focus our attention on the solution of these problems, we will ensure that everyone has enough to eat.

根據提綱得知本文可按所給順序寫成三段。

第一段：説明當前糧食生產的狀況。這種以present situation為開頭段的段落，通常試題給出的opening sentence並不要求是topic sentence。

這類短文的開頭段屬概述型，可採用的方法為概括一分析一總結。考生在第一段只需續寫開頭句，概括介紹當前的狀況並點明文章主題即可。

第二段：即body paragraph，給出主題句：“There are at least three majorproblems in grain production”，然後運用事實(facts)藉助first，second，finally這些連接信號詞形成模塊依次具體説明主題句中的three major problems。

第三段：按照提綱要求，先總結前面的內容，給出short summary，然後做了prediction。

(三)模擬練習(略)

二、寫作模式2

(一)展示模式(以下表格見附樣格式)

introduction:

topic sentence_____________supporting details______thesis statement body:

topic sentence(major point one)______supporting details;

topic sentence(supporting) supporting details.

conclusion:

Short summary

(二)試題舉例

Title：Somc Fire Hazards around Us

Opening sentence：Fires can be disastrous in our lives．

Outline：

1．Damage of fires．

2．Possible causes of fires：

1)Carelessness，

2)Unsafe electrical parts．

3．My comments．

參考範文：

Some Fire Hazards Around Us

Fires can be disastrous in our the shocking fire in

Kelamayi,hundreds of people were killed or injured; most of them were big firs occurring recently have revealed that there still exist too many fire hazards around us.

Carelessness is a leading cause of kind of carelessness is simply the mishandling of small wing a burning match or cigarette butts into a wastebasket,placing a lighted candle near

curtains,playing with fireworks,or failing to screen a flaming fire are foolish things to her type of carelessness is the misuse of flammable g gasoline to clean clothes in the house may lead to abad fere.

Another fire hazard is the use of equipment with unsafe electical parts.A worn or broken power cord,a damaged outlet,or wires which become overheated when trying to supply enough power for too many appliances should be replaced.

Therefore,the abuse of electrical devices and personal negligence are the main ention is better than all these hidden fire hazards are completely removed and all possible precautions are taken against fire,no fires may occur anymore.

本文開頭段屬段首主題句型：可採用的寫法為：主題句一擴展句一結尾句；可把提綱提示分三段(或四段)來寫作。因中間段包括carelessness和unsafe electrical parts兩部分內容，可以把它們統一在一個自然段中，亦可分二段分別表達。

模式2適合這種開頭便給出關鍵詞的短文，一般所給出的opening sentence就是第一段的主題句。這篇短文提綱第一部分要求考生寫出damage of fires，其中damage就是一個關鍵詞，可直接採用，也可作為主題內容體現在段首的主題句中，然後在段落中用細節進一步解釋與説明，不能只泛泛採用概括介紹的寫法。如Fire can be disastrous in our lives中的disastrous就體現了提綱中的含義，但尚需具體説明。文中隨後用事實舉例，證明火災確實是人們生活中的災害。第一段舉例説明主題句後，在段尾引出限制主題句“?there still exist too many fire hazards around us。

第二段主題句Carelessness is a leading cause of fires指出了造成火災的第一個原因。第三段主題句Another fire hazard is the use of equipment with unsafe electrical parts説明了火災隱患的另一主要原因。結尾進行總結並寫出comments。

中間段視要點多少可分為一段或幾段；有時在段首句作文中還會出現開頭、中間、結尾段全以topic sentence的形式開首，因此具體寫法還需認真審題，根據題目要求決定。(此種類型的作文可參看附錄1中1991年、1994年、1996年試題)

(三)模擬練習(略)

三、寫作模式3

(一)展示模式(以下表格見附樣格式)

general inlroduclory remarks: introduction;narrow controlling idea.→body:topic sentence______supporting details(examples, reasons or arguments)_____concluding remarks.←

final statement:conclusion;restatement of controlling idea.

無論是前面兩種類型還是其他形式的短文都可運用模式3來組織內容。這種模式的特點在於結構緊湊、層次分明。開頭段與結尾段彼此緊密呼應。它是英、美、加拿大等國學生所慣用的成文方式之一。通過結尾段對前面內容的簡要總結可提醒讀者文中所説明的要點(major point one，major point two，etc．)或所提供的主要事例(first，second，etc．)。這種方法尤其適用於三段至五段式短文。

(二)試題舉例

Title：Taxi

Outline：

1．Personal expedence．

2．Advantages over buses：

1)Its comfort

2)Its convenience。

3)Its reasonable price，

3．Summary and my comments。

參考範文：

Taxi

Iwell remember the days when my mother sent me to kindergarten by bus every had to wait for hours until we finally got on board a g squeezed out of breath like satin in an overcrowded bus,we felt lucky when we saw women with children waiting helplessly at bus stops in heavy rain or bitter we have taxi as an alternative,and people like its comfort,convenience and reasonable price.

Taxi is gaining popularity for several t,traveling in an air conditioned taxi cab is ever your go,the driver takes care of everything;what you do in just sitting in cozy seats,enjoying yourself in all kinds of weather at any des,it can save you time and a world of trouble of nd,taxi is convenient,especially in an emergency or on special example,if you are suddenly very sick deep at night with nobody to turn to for help in an unfamiliar place,taxi is always available to help you to a lly,taxi fare

is you have a car,youhave to pay the bills of

gas,insurance and car is more,the many advantages of a taxi are recognized by more people.

With the rapid improvement of living standards,taxi has become an important means of transportation in China because of its reasonable price,its availability and the comfort it fact,many people depend on taxe to go to work and almost everyone has the experience of taking a taxi on special happy for not having buses as the only choice anymore.

本文很好地採取了第三種寫作模式。

開頭，通過personal experience概括寫出以前擠公共汽車的狼狽狀況，從而在第一段結尾處引出narrow controlling idea：今天人們可乘出租汽車，而且由於其舒適、方便、價格合理而得到人們的喜愛。

第二段段首為主題句："Taxi is gaining popularity for several reasons.下面由過渡詞分別依次寫出了出租車受歡迎的三個理由，並得出段落小結句：“The many advantages of a taxi ale recognized by more people”。結尾前半部分總結了其三點優勢，接着給出final statement，寫出自己的評論。

整篇文章首尾呼應，環環相扣，結構明晰而且語言規範，是一篇較好的短文。同時在寫作中本文的中間段也採取瞭如下寫法：

Topic sentence + signal word1 + point1 + explanation1

+signal word2+point2+explanation2

+signal word3+point3+explanation3

+concluding sentence

這裏topic sentence為主題句；signal word指first，second等這類過渡信號詞；point指段落中各層次裏的要點，即提綱中的comfort，conve nience等支持主題句的要點；explanation是對各點的具體解釋細節。本段的concluding sentence為最後一句話，由What is more引出。

這種寫法條理分明，內容可連鎖激發，有章可循，有話可寫，使文章結構更均衡。這種寫法可與國外寫作接軌，在託福等要求篇幅較長的作文中更有其優越性。